First American swimming Olympic gold, world record invalidated by Michael Phelps' performance enhancement

For the latest account on this subject, images, timing and other data please see a referred article by the Doping Journal:

A Koudinov. Scientific evidence invalidates Beijing 2008 Olympic Swimming medals
The Doping Journal Vol. 5, 2 (13 August 2008)


During Athens 2004 Summer Olympic games we explained why music by the pool is a behavioral doping and prohibited by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in competition blood-doping method of "the use of products that enhance the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen" (Doping J, Vol.1, 1, 27 August 2004 www.dopingjournal.org/content/1/1). We based our conclusion on the analysis of the previously published research (J Nurs Res. 2003 Sep; 11(3): 209-16) that showed how in humans, music makes saturation of oxyhemoglobin significantly higher (compared with control subjects not receiving music therapy), and that as a result of music the level of oxygen saturation returns to the baseline faster (compared to the control subjects receiving no music), making it hard to detect the transient enhancement of the blood oxygen capacity shortly thereafter.

These data imply that music by the pool is not yet recognized blood-doping method that conflicts with the essence of olympism, and WADA/IOC calls for "ethics, fair play and honestly". Wearing headphones by Michael Phelps today morning seconds before the 400 metres man individual medley may qualify an invalidation of the American first swimming Olympic gold and world record by Phelps.

By Alexei Koudinov, Editor

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